[LDi] Liquid Dynamics International Liquid Dynamics International Inc. Click here to: Contact Liquid Dynamics Liquid Dynamics offers pulsation, vibration, and shock analysis, diagnostics, and software models. Fluid Flow Control Animations
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EXPRESSIONS
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Head loss, surge pressure

Friction losses

Volume inefficiency

Velocity jump shock

Nomogram Frequency vs. Pipe ID

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LDi Catalog Printable PDF 43, 44

Add friction from system flow resistance to "A.H." figure
Also known as Viscous drag, Scrubbing action, Rotary flow, and Reynolds effect.

viscous drag, scrubbing action, rotary flow, reynolds effect

pipe fitting component
Pipe Fitting Component
Round the corner of a Tee
Past a side opening of a Tee
Back into line from a side opening in a Tee
Rounded corner 90° elbow (Long Rad. or L.R.90)
Abrupt 90° elbow ("hard" 90 or Machined "L")
Gentle 45° elbow (Bends & or "5D" 90)
Effective Length of Pipe System
Leff := L+(0.0667xDxT1)+(0.0209xDxT2)+(0.0667xDxT3)+(0.0327xDxE1)+(0.0681xDxE2)+(0.0144xDxE3)
Figures applied for E and T are averages from tests

pulsation analysis calculations

 
Input Data: Q gpm – GPM (steady state) Volumetric flow rate D – mm Inside Diameter of the pipe v – m2/sec Kinematic Viscosity (approximation, cP “centepoise” to m2/sec multiply by 1 million for water) L – m Length of the pipe P – kg/m3 Density (SG, where 1 gram is 1 ml the n SG=1 Specific Gravity x 1000) Estimating: dP @ peak of flow fluctuations 2. Calculations V – Velocity of the flow in the pipe Re – Reynolds Number Friction Factor: (cold drawn pipe) DPpsi – Pressure loss Scientific Units: Pa = Pascals Q = Mass Flow in cubic meters d = delta difference Dm = Diameter in meters
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Liquid Dynamics International provides pipeline and pump user problem analysis, diagnostics, prediction by software, pulsation analysis, piping system analysis, and piping system simulation. For water hammer and shock solutions pulsation dampening and shock alleviating devices can be obtained from our associate websites.

PulseGuard Inc., and Ltd. for further information about pulsation dampeners / pulsation dampers.
PulseGuard. USA: Pulsation Dampeners | Pulsation-Dampeners.com: Pulsation Dampeners
PulseGuard Limited: Pulsation Dampers | PulseGuard für Deutschland: Pulsationsdämpfer

Large pressure vessels, jumbo bladders, float separator / big bellows type pipeline surge attenuators and
expansion / contraction volume compensators, surge alleviators, and shock alleviators.
Shock-Guard. USA: Surge Alleviators | Water-Hammer.com: Water Hammer
ShockGuard.co.uk: Shock Alleviators | Suction-Stabilizers: Suction Stabilizers

Information about energy saving in pumping systems, standby emergency power, safety shutdown systems,
hydraulic accumulators, and hydropneumatic accumulators.
Accumulators-Hyd: Hydraulic Accumulators
Accumulators.co.uk: Hydropneumatic Accumulators | HydroTrole: Hydraulic and Control Engineering

Protection against excess flow. Protect against toxic spills when pipes burst, guard against gushers and fluid
loss when hoses split. Flow-Guard against excess flow floods with flow fuses and breather bags.
FlowGuard: Flow-Guard - Flow Fuses and Breather Bags

Fluid Flow Control Fluid-Flow-Control.com The Fluid Flow Control Source Pumps Accumulators Filters Dampers Heat Exchangers Valves Mixers P.I. / Pressure Indicators Controls Meters Vessels